Tag (metadata)

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A tag cloud with terms related to Web 2.0

It has been suggested that Knowledge tags be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

In online computer systems terminology, a tag is a non-hierarchical keyword or term assigned to a piece of information (such as an internet bookmark, digital image, or computer file). This kind of metadata helps describe an item and allows it to be found again by browsing or searching. Tags are generally chosen informally and personally by the item’s creator or by its viewer, depending on the system.

Tagging was popularized by websites associated with Web 2.0 and is an important feature of many Web 2.0 services. It is now also part of some desktop software.

[edit] History and context

Labeling and tagging are carried out to perform functions such as aiding in classification, marking ownership, noting boundaries, and indicating identity ^{[disambiguation needed]}. They may take the form of words, images, or other identifying marks. Analogous examples of tags in the physical world are graffiti and museum object tagging. In the organisation of information and objects, the use of textual keywords as part of identification and classification long predates computers. However, computer based searching made the use of keywords a rapid way of exploring records. Online and internet databases and early websites deployed them as a way for publishers to help users find content. In 2003, the social bookmarking website Delicious provided a way for its users to add “tags” to their bookmarks (as a way to help find them later); Delicious also provided browseable aggregated views of the bookmarks of all users featuring a particular tag.^[1] Flickr allowed its users to add free-form tags to each of their pictures, constructing flexible and easy metadata that made the pictures highly searchable.^[2] The success of Flickr and the influence of Delicious popularized the concept,^[3] and other social software websites – such as YouTube, Technorati, and Last.fm – also implemented tagging. “Labels” in Gmail are similar to tags.

Websites that include tags often display collections of tags as tag clouds. A user’s tags are useful both to them and to the larger community of the website’s users.

Tags may be a “bottom-up” type of classification, compared to hierarchies, which are “top-down”. In a traditional hierarchical system (taxonomy), the designer sets out a limited number of terms to use for classification, and there is one correct way to classify each item. In a tagging system, there are an unlimited number of ways to classify an item, and there is no “wrong” choice. Instead of belonging to one category, an item may have several different tags. Some researchers and applications have experimented with combining structured hierarchy and “flat” tagging to aid in information retrieval.^[4]

[edit] Examples

[edit] Within a blog

Many blog systems allow authors to add free-form tags to a post, along with (or instead of) placing the post into categories. For example, a post may display that it has been tagged with baseball and tickets. Each of those tags is usually a web link leading to an index page listing all of the posts associated with that tag. The blog may have a sidebar listing all the tags in use on that blog, with each tag leading to an index page. To reclassify a post, an author edits its list of tags. All connections between posts are automatically tracked and updated by the blog software; there is no need to relocate the page within a complex hierarchy of categories.

[edit] For an event

An official tag is a keyword adopted by events and conferences for participants to use in their web publications, such as blog entries, photos of the event, and presentation slides. Search engines can then index them to make relevant materials related to the event searchable in a uniform way. In this case, the tag is part of a controlled vocabulary.

[edit] Special types

[edit] Triple tags

A triple tag or machine tag uses a special syntax to define extra semantic information about the tag, making it easier or more meaningful for interpretation by a computer program. Triple tags comprise three parts: a namespace, a predicate, and a value. For example, “geo:long=50.123456″ is a tag for the geographical longitude coordinate whose value is 50.123456. This triple structure is similar to the Resource Description Framework model for information.

The triple tag format was first devised for geolicious^[5] in November 2004, to map Delicious bookmarks, and gained wider acceptance after its adoption by Mappr and GeoBloggers^[6] to map Flickr photos. In January 2007, Aaron Straup Cope at Flickr introduced the term machine tag as an alternative name for the triple tag, adding some questions and answers on purpose, syntax, and use.^[7]

Specialized metadata for geographical identification is known as geotagging; machine tags are also used for other purposes, such as identifying photos taken at a specific event or naming species using binomial nomenclature.^[8]

[edit] Hash tags

Short messages on services such as Twitter or identi.ca may be tagged by including one or more hashtags: words or phrases prefixed with a hash symbol (#),^[9][10] with multiple words concatenated, such as those in:

[edit] Advantages and disadvantages

In a typical tagging system, there is no explicit information about the meaning or semantics of each tag, and a user can apply new tags to an item as easily as applying older tags. Hierarchical classification systems can be slow to change, and are rooted in the culture and era that created them.^[11] The flexibility of tagging allows users to classify their collections of items in the ways that they find useful, but the personalized variety of terms can present challenges when searching and browsing.

When users can freely choose tags (creating a folksonomy, as opposed to selecting terms from a controlled vocabulary), the resulting metadata can include homonyms (the same tags used with different meanings) and synonyms (multiple tags for the same concept), which may lead to inappropriate connections between items and inefficient searches for information about a subject.^[12] For example, the tag “orange” may refer to the fruit or the color, and items related to a version of Apple’s operating system may be tagged “Mac OS X”, “Leopard”, “software”, or a variety of other terms. Users can also choose tags that are different inflections of words (such as singular and plural),^[13] which can contribute to navigation difficulties if the system does not include stemming of tags when searching or browsing. Larger-scale folksonomies address some of the problems of tagging, in that users of tagging systems tend to notice the current use of “tag terms” within these systems, and thus use existing tags in order to easily form connections to related items. In this way, folksonomies collectively develop a partial set of tagging conventions.

[edit] Complex system dynamics

Despite the apparent lack of control, research has shown that a simple form of shared vocabularies emerges in social bookmarking systems. Collaborative tagging exhibits a form of complex systems dynamics,^[14] (or self organizing dynamics). Thus, even if no central controlled vocabulary constrains the actions of individual users, the distribution of tags that describe different resources (e.g., websites) converges over time to stable power law distributions.^[14] Once such stable distributions form, simple vocabularies can be extracted by examining the correlations that form between different tags.

[edit] Spamming

Tagging systems open to the public are also open to tag spam, in which people apply an excessive number of tags or unrelated tags to an item (such as a YouTube video) in order to attract viewers. This abuse can be mitigated using human or statistical identification of spam items.^[15]

[edit] Syntax

Some tagging systems provide a single text box to enter tags, so to be able to tokenize the string, a separator must be used. Two popular separators are the space character and the comma. To enable the use of separators in the tags, a system may allow for higher-level separators (such as quotation marks) or escape characters. Systems can avoid the use of separators by allowing only one tag to be added to each input widget at a time, although this makes adding multiple tags more time-consuming.

A syntax for use within HTML is to use the rel attribute value “tag” (i.e., rel="tag") to indicate that the linked-to page acts as a tag for the current context.^[16]

[edit] See also

• Ontology
• Semantic Web

[edit] References

1. ^ Screenshot of tags on del.icio.us in 2004 and Screenshot of a tag page on del.icio.us, also in 2004, both published by Joshua Schachter on July 9, 2007.
2. ^ “An Interview with Flickr’s Eric Costello” by Jesse James Garrett, published on August 4, 2005. Quote: “Tags were not in the initial version of Flickr. Stewart Butterfield…liked the way they worked on del.icio.us, the social bookmarking application. We added very simple tagging functionality, so you could tag your photos, and then look at all your photos with a particular tag, or any one person’s photos with a particular tag.”
3. ^ An example is “Folksonomies – Cooperative Classification and Communication Through Shared Metadata” by Adam Mathes, December 2004. It focuses on tagging in Delicious and Flickr.
4. ^ Tag Hierarchies, research notes by Paul Heymann, updated February 14, 2008.
5. ^ geo.lici.us : geotagging hosted services by Mikel Maron, November 5, 2004.
6. ^ Advanced Tagging and TripleTags by Reverend Dan Catt, Geobloggers, January 11, 2006.
7. ^ Machine tags, a post by Aaron Straup Cope in the Flickr API group, January 24, 2007.
8. ^ Encyclopedia of Life use of machine tag, The Encyclopedia of Life project rules including the required use of a taxonomy machine tag, September 19, 2009.
9. ^ Hashtags at the Twitter Fan Wiki. Retrieved on June 2, 2009.
10. ^ Tags at the identi.ca documentation. Retrieved on June 24, 2009.
11. ^ Smith, Gene (2008). Tagging: People-Powered Metadata for the Social Web. Berkeley, CA: New Riders. ISBN 0321529170
12. ^ Golder, Scott A. Huberman, Bernardo A. (2005). “The Structure of Collaborative Tagging Systems.” Information Dynamics Lab, HP Labs. Visited November 24, 2005.
13. ^ Singular vs. plural tags in a tag-based categorization system by Keith Devens, December 24, 2004.
14. ^ ^{a b} Harry Halpin, Valentin Robu, Hana Shepherd The Complex Dynamics of Collaborative Tagging, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on the World Wide Web (WWW’07), Banff, Canada, pp. 211-220, ACM Press, 2007.
15. ^ Tag Spam, research notes by Paul Heymann.
16. ^ rel tag microformat specification, Microformats Wiki, January

Tools ‹ aladdin-online — WordPress.

Burn More Fat – Secrets of Exercise Physiology

The Truth About Fat Burning

By Paul Rogers, About.com Guide

About.com Health’s Disease and Condition content is reviewed by our Medical Review Board

Burning off the fat with weights

Photo: (c) Paul Rogers / Cooloola Fitness

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Jun 24 2009

We all want to burn more fat for weight loss, body shaping, health and wellbeing or for sporting purposes. Trim that butt, waste that cellulite, smooth those love handles, bust that belly; it’s all part of the trim and slim exercise and diet activity many of us indulge in.

In this article you will see exactly how fat burning works and how to get the best out of your exercise program. Also, I’ll outline two weights circuit programs I developed to help you burn fat and lose weight — one for beginners and one for fitter trainers.

The Basics of Fat Burning

Energy in, energy out. The body normally burns a mix of carbohydrate, as glucose, and fat for fuel. How much of either depends on your physical activity and if, or what you have eaten recently. When you use more energy than you take in from food and drink, the body burns stored fat and carbohydrates, and then even protein, to fuel your everyday activities even if you are not exercising

That’s what happens when people starve of course; the body starts to eat itself. Depending on your family history — your genetics — and the way you eat and exercise to create this energy deficit, your body may decide to get conservative and drop your metabolic rate to try to hold onto body weight. Some of us seem to have inherited this tendency more than others, the origins of which may be in the early periods of human evolution where ‘feast or famine’ was more or less the norm.

Glucose, fat and protein. Even so, starvation always works eventually and the body starts to break down its own tissue for fuel. Stored carbohydrate called glycogen is quickly used up, then goes the fat stored under the skin and around the internal organs. Protein in muscle is then broken down to create glucose to keep the brain working and you conscious.

Fat and glucose are the body’s two main energy sources. Fat you know well, glucose comes mainly from carbohydrate foods like rice and bread and potatoes and protein is supplied mainly by meat and beans and dairy products. The amino acid building blocks of protein foods can be converted to glucose in emergencies. Your body always burns a mix of fat and glucose except at very high intensities, and the ratio of the fat and glucose in ‘the burn’ varies with intensity and time of exercise.

Fat burning zone. You may have noticed that some bikes and treadmills at the gym have a setting that says “fat burning zone”, which implies a setting for intensity or speed. The reason for this is that the body burns a greater percentage of fat at a slow pace (or after about 90 minutes of exercise). The fat burning zone, a low intensity speed zone is mainly a gimmick, and here is the reason.

Even though you burn more fat going slowly, you still burn a percentage of fat at much faster speeds or intensity. It all boils down to how much energy you expend in totality. For example, if you compare exercising at a slow rate that burns 60 percent fat and 40 percent glucose and a higher intensity or duration that burns only 30 percent fat and 70 percent glucose, you may still burn more fat at the higher intensity.

A typical example. Exercise (1) is the slower 60/40 mix and exercise (2) is the faster, 30/70 mix of fat and glucose fuel.

1. Walking on a treadmill for 30 minutes — 180 calories used — 108 calories of fat burned
2. Running on a treadmill for 30 minutes — 400 calories used — 120 calories of fat burned

You can see from this example that the bottom line really is how much energy you expend — and that is the ultimate fat burning measure. The theoretical fat burning zone is mostly a convenient myth.

Weight Training Does it Better — Or Does It?

Muscle burns more fat. Weight training is increasingly recommended as a fat-busting tool because some experts say extra muscle burns more energy than body fat at rest, so if you develop more muscle and have a higher muscle to fat ratio than before, you must burn extra energy and more stored fat as a result. This is true and has been shown in metabolic studies. However, the differences are not that dramatic; perhaps less than a few tens of calories per day for each pound of muscle increased, for most people.

Does that mean you shouldn’t worry about weight training? Certainly not, because weight training has many other benefits for health and performance, not the least of which is extra muscle. It’s just that this advantage has been somewhat overstated and we need to get this fat burning thing right in order to develop the best weight loss and performance programs.

Getting the afterburn. Okay, so extra muscle does not provide that much advantage, but what about the afterburn? The ‘afterburn’, or the amount of energy you use after you stop exercising, has been promoted as an important slimming idea. If you can get afterburn, which is really another way of saying your metabolism increases for several hours or longer after a particular exercise, then that’s a bonus because you burn fat during the exercise and after you cease as well. Will the fun ever stop!

However, this idea has recently been reconsidered as well. An article in the Journal of Sports Science reported that despite some promising early studies of this effect, the idea has not proven to be as useful as first thought.

Exercise scientists call this afterburn effect EPOC, which stands for Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption. The authors of that study say that the high intensities required — greater than about 75 percent of maximum heart rate — are probably beyond what most people wanting to lose weight can cope with in sustained exercise. So the afterburn advantage from lifting weights or running fast is there, but you need to be able to sustain that intensity, which means a lot of hard work. No secrets there, I’m sure.

We also need to consider how fuel is used preferentially according to how your body stores are maintained. After you do a vigorous or long workout, your blood and muscle glucose will be much lower than before you started. Low glucose stores signal the body to burn fat preferentially. So after hard exercise that uses a lot of glucose, the body switches to burning fat. That’s why all energy expenditure is important, not just fat burning during exercise.

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When it comes to weight training routines there are generally two types of routines that come to mind: bodysculpting and bodybuilding routines.

The first type of training is used by the group who just wants to firm up and lose body fat. This can be accomplished by adding some muscle and losing bodyfat in order to tighten up. A good long term goal to aim for is to lose enough body fat so that you can reach a 13-16% body fat range if you are a woman and between 8-10% if you are a guy. This sort of training can be referred to as body sculpting training.

The second type of training is bodybuilding training. For bodybuilders, the main goal is to add pounds after pounds of muscle mass while taking their body fat levels to a neighborhood of 8-10% and in some instances, like a bodybuilding contest, even less, going as far as 3-4% body fat.

Before we discuss how each training should be performed, I’ll first talk about the characteristics of good bodybuilding weight training routines.

Characteristics of a Good Bodybuilding Weight Training Routines

1. It must be short (between 45 to 75 minutes maximum; 60 minutes being best). After 75 minutes, the levels of muscle building and fat burning hormones that your body produces (such as testosterone) begin to drop. What this means is that training more than 75 minutes will prevent you from gaining muscle and losing fat fast! It will also prevent you from fast recovery. As crazy as it sounds, more is not necessarily better for huge bodybuilding gains.
2. The rest in between sets should be kept to a minimum (90 seconds or less). Keeping your rest in between sets and exercises down not only helps you to perform a lot of work and still finish within the 75 minutes, but it also helps improve your cardiovascular system. In addition, it has also been shown that this kind of training stimulates growth hormones output the most.
3. Generally, depending on the goal, the sets should be between 8 – 15 repetitions for muscle mass gains and 15-25 repetitions for body sculpting purposes. There are many reasons for this:

   - You get the best pump (blood flowing into your muscle cells) in these repetition ranges. This is important since along with the blood come nutrients that nourish the muscle cells and help them recover and rebuild bigger faster.

   - Since you are doing so many repetitions, there is less probability of injury since you’ll be using a weight that you can control.

   - Again, studies show that muscle building and fat burning occur more efficiently at these repetition ranges.

   (Note: For bodybuilding training, however, I also recommend periods of 5-8 repetitions as well. This is of crucial necessity for a bodybuilder as an increase of strength is required in order for continued muscle growth to occur.)

4. Training must be varied and cycled. Please, don’t get stuck with the same routine day in and day out. If you are a bodybuilder, and you do this, this guarantees zero muscle growth. This is without even mentioning boredom and lack of enthusiasm. For bodybuilding cycle periods (3-4 weeks) of high volume (8-15 reps/set) with periods of higher intensity (5-8 reps/set).

Training for Bodysculpting

In order to accomplish this, the exercise strategy is to perform 20-40 minutes of aerobic exercise 3-4 times per week first thing in the morning on an empty stomach. Also conduct 3-4 weight training sessions of 30 to 60 minutes per week utilizing basic exercises such as bench press, chin-ups, and squats.

• If you are an absolute beginner, please read my article on Getting Started for a suitable beginner’s routine.
• If you have been training for at least 3 months but less than 6, then please take a look at my suggested Intermediate Routine.
• If you have been training hard for 6 months or more, then please take a look at my suggested Advanced Body Sculpting Routine.

Training for Bodybuilding

The goal here is maximum muscle size with minimum body fat. In order to accomplish this, 4 – 6 weight training sessions of 45-75 minutes composed of basic exercises are required per week (Note: Due to the cycling of workout parameters, workout length will vary between 45 to 75 minutes).

As far as cardiovascular exercise, 3 to 4 sessions of cardio first thing in the morning (or three hours after a meal) consisting of 20-30 minutes during a muscle mass gain phase should suffice. More cardiovascular exercise than this may be necessary during a cutting up phase.

• If you are an absolute beginner, please read my article on Getting Started for a suitable beginner’s routine.
• If you have been training for at least 3 months but less than 6, then please take a look at my suggested Intermediate Routine.
• If you have been training hard for 6 months or more, then please take a look at my suggested Advanced Bodybuilding Routine.

Conclusion

Whether you are planning to just tone up or really bulk up, you are practicing bodybuilding. Implement the guidelines above in your program and you will see how much bodyfat you will lose and how much muscle you will gain in no time.

About The Author

Hugo Rivera, About.com’s Bodybuilding Guide and ISSA Certified Fitness Trainer, is a nationally-known best-selling author of over 8 books on bodybuilding, weight loss and fitness, including “The Body Sculpting Bible for Men”, “The Body Sculpting Bible for Women”, “The Hardgainer’s Bodybuilding Handbook”, and his successful, self published e-book, “Body Re-Engineering”. Hugo is also a national level NPC natural bodybuilding champion. Learn more about Hugo Rivera.

source:
http://bodybuilding.about.com/od/weighttrainingprinciples/a/Training.htm

It falls on the 20th of September2009.  Eid Mubarak has always been a report card presentation of families.  Those who have done well in the past year will flaunt their material wealth. They will be bringing hampers and gifts to parent in laws to get extra blessings and praise, while gleefully and smugly listening to the sacarstic remarks thrown at the other “biras” or in-laws by some parents in law.

These parent-in-law at their present old age have still not realise the greatness of Allah and even in their old age love to commit sins with their mouth which resulted no doubt from their heart.   Some of these commentors has been punished or reminded by the great Allah giving them ill health and humiliation and yet they talk freely words laced with sins- to humiliate and belittel others.  He giveth to those He wants and taketh of  those whom He choses.

 Eid Mubarak is also a  gathering of  all young cousins who traded school marks.  Those who have succeeded in their  school or college studies will be praised and rewarded by their rich uncle/uncles on this day and in the presence of other not so rich uncles.  But there are few “insan” who believe in humility and smiled wisely and silently observing the antics of those who do not know….. But I suppose this is a motivating factor for those who do not do well for one reason or the other  to work harder for the next Eid Mubarak Report Card. Allah will help those who help themselves.

HELLO!

ITS

09.09.09

Wow! I wouldnt miss posting today for the world.   I was born on the 9th of may. Therefore some people think that the number (9) is my lucky number. I suppose it is.  I had some very good news this afternoon about some financial matters. Keeping my fingers cross though.

Nine is a composite number, its proper divisors being 1 and 3. It is 3 times 3 and hence the third square number. 9 is a Motzkin number. It is the first composite lucky number.

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_(number)

In number theory, a lucky number is a natural number in a set which is generated by a “sieve” similar to the Sieve of Eratosthenes that generates the primes.

Begin with a list of integers starting with 1:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_number

Magic Number “9″

The ancient Chinese considered numbers a mystical part of the universe. As an odd number, the number “9″ belongs to the “yang” category, which represents strength and masculinity. In ancient China, the number “1″ represented the starting point while the number nine represented infinity and extremity. The number “9″ can be seen in many aspects of life in China.

For example, “Jiu Zhou” is a poetic name referring to the nine states, which means that the country encompasses so much territory that it is beyond measure. The highest heavens were referred to as the “ninth heaven”, “Jiu Quan” or “the ninth spring” where the afterlife is located beneath the deepest water. In the royal palace or a monastery, the doors, windows, stairs or fixtures existed in multiples of nine or a number that contains nine. The numbers of the gilded knobs on the double doors of the major gates of the Forbidden City is a good example.

There are nine rows of nine knobs on these doors which represents the supreme power of the emperor. The East Flowery Gate, however, is an exception beca se it has nine rows with eight knobs. The explanation lies in the fact that even numbers belong to the “ying” category, and therefore, funeral processions of the three Qing emperors passed through this only gate with even numbers of the double doors.

The Chinese tended to view life diametrically. So when a change occurred in one aspect of life, that change was a result of a change in its opposite. Therefore, as a symbol of extremity, “9″ in Chinese Culture is also a warning, a turning point.

In ancient Chinese Classic Yijing, or the “Book of Changes”, wherever number “9″ appears, it is a crucial point of change and transformation.

In traditional Chinese culture, the number nine has great significance. For example, the ninth day of the ninth month has long been a very important festival in China. This festival is known as the Double Yang Festival, which was a time for wine and poetry inspired by the beautiful autumn scenery. In the past, Chinese scholars would climb nearby mountains and look into the distance and think of their faraway friends.

http://www.sinohotelguide.com/travel/aboutbeijing/temple-heaven/number.php

Wheeew!  The days are chasing me! Today is Thursday-the 3rd sept!

Wednesday-2nd sept-follow my daughter for her exam at NG

Tuesday-1stsept-at h

Monday-31st Aug-   talk to Din  regarding the ‘report card’ exchange.  The report card exchange or   RCE  is a situation where every families that visited their parents or parents in law compare and contras t their material gains for the yeantve r. Those who have succeeded well will flaunt their wealth.  .wish my bro happy bday. talk to Mohid.-regarding my old customers and how to promote Monavie. 

Sunday-30thAug-spend whole day at home. lethargic due to fasting -and too much movement on Saturday. Have a good rest

Thu-27 – Get the news during my night shift that my daughter suffering from food poisoning. vomit & diarohea  several times.

Fri-28 – My daughter look sick, but she always look like that when she don’t like to do something.  She is suppose to sit for her poly exam.  Bring her to MacDonald for breakfast.  She vomit. I decide to bring her to Polyclinic by taxi.  The nurses give her priority since she look sick and breathless.  The doctor was very worried after checking her and instruct me to send her to hospital immediately for examination. So no exam. I shoot of  with her to Tan Tock Seng Hospital. She is diagnosed as swollen intestines and hyperthyroidism. Warded for one night

Sat-29 – I visited her again in the morning from my working place.  looks better. but no appetitie. discharged at 1400hrs.  My wife took over and together they headed towards her sister house. I left for Golden Landmark for a meeting.   than to work

Sun-30

Wed 26th – complete my web design draft for the travel company.  work time time. boring. got to get out of this rut.

The art of being ill Is never to be ill.     Mon 24th – do up the website for a travel company= 4 hours. go back to work. suppose to meet my upline in herbalife  -got to cancel due to other pressing matters.

Tues- 25th – same routine